100 Fun Facts About Holocaust History

Which country offered to accept up to 100,000 Jewish refugees at the 1938 Évian Conference?

Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo made the offer, alone among the 32 nations at Évian, yet fewer than a thousand refugees ever settled in the colony at Sosúa.

What sounds across Israel on the morning of Yom HaShoah, halting traffic for two minutes of silence?

An air-raid siren sounds for two minutes and Israelis stop whatever they are doing, with motorists stepping out of their cars to stand in silence. Theatres, cinemas and other places of entertainment stay shut for the day.

The UN's Holocaust remembrance day, 27 January, marks the 1945 liberation of which camp?

Auschwitz was reached by the Red Army on 27 January 1945, but only about 7,000 prisoners were left: the SS had marched tens of thousands west days earlier.

Danish boats carried more than 7,000 of Denmark's Jews to safety in which country in October 1943?

Sweden took them in after a German diplomat, Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz, leaked word of the planned round-up. Fishing boats ferried the refugees across the narrow strait over about three weeks.

The liner St. Louis left Hamburg in May 1939 with 937 passengers bound for which port, which refused to let them land?

Havana let almost none of them land, the United States and Canada also turned the ship away, and it sailed back to Europe. About a quarter of the passengers were later killed in the Holocaust.

Which rescue effort, begun in December 1938, brought nearly 10,000 unaccompanied, mostly Jewish children to Britain by train and ferry?

The Kindertransport began after Kristallnacht, when Britain agreed to admit unaccompanied refugees under 17; parents had to stay behind, and the first 200 or so children landed at Harwich on 2 December 1938.

Stolpersteine, brass plaques set in pavements outside victims' last homes, are German for what?

Stumbling stones is the literal meaning, and artist Gunter Demnig wants passers-by to stumble with the head and the heart. More than 100,000 of the ten-centimetre cubes lie in pavements across Europe.

Peter Eisenman's Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin is a sloping grid of some 2,700 what?

Concrete slabs, or stelae, share one footprint but range from 0.2 to 4.7 metres high. Eisenman meant the orderly grid to feel uneasy and unstable as visitors walk deeper into it.

Kristallnacht, the pogrom of 9–10 November 1938, is known in English as the Night of what?

Broken Glass refers to the shards of shop windows and synagogues that littered German streets the next morning. In Germany the night is now more often called the Novemberpogrom or Reichspogromnacht.

Mossad agents seized Adolf Eichmann, organiser of the deportations, in which country in May 1960?

Argentina sheltered him under the alias Ricardo Klement after Catholic Church officials helped him flee Europe. The agents smuggled him to Israel, where he was tried in Jerusalem in 1961.

The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising began on 19 April 1943, on the eve of which Jewish festival?

Passover eve was when the SS moved in to deport the ghetto's remaining residents, and the fighters held out until 16 May. It was the largest single revolt by Jews during the war.

Who led the Jewish Combat Organisation (ŻOB) from the bunker at 18 Miła Street in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising?

Mordechai Anielewicz, just 24, commanded the ŻOB fighters who held off German troops for nearly a month. He is thought to have died in the bunker when it fell on 8 May 1943.

How did Irena Sendler preserve the lists of the Jewish children her network smuggled out of the Warsaw Ghetto?

Buried in jars, the lists recorded each child's original and new identity so that families could be reunited after the war. Sendler was arrested by the Gestapo in October 1943 and was later honoured as Righteous Among the Nations.

Israel's Yad Vashem, 'a memorial and a name', is named from which prophet's book, also the source of 'swords into ploughshares'?

Isaiah 56:5 is a promise to the childless, 'a memorial and a name, better than sons and daughters ... that shall not be cut off'; Israel's Knesset founded the memorial by law in 1953.

Where did Swedish envoy Raoul Wallenberg shelter Jews in 1944 with protective passports and 'Swedish' buildings?

Budapest was Wallenberg's post from July 1944 until 17 January 1945, when Soviet agents detained him as a suspected spy during the siege. He vanished into Soviet custody and his fate has never been settled.

Japan's vice-consul Chiune Sugihara issued more than 2,000 life-saving transit visas in 1940 from which country?

Lithuania's temporary capital, Kaunas, was Sugihara's post. Refugees from occupied Poland came with bogus end-visas for Curaçao, and he kept stamping transit visas even after Tokyo cabled a warning.

Portugal's consul Aristides de Sousa Mendes defied Salazar by issuing thousands of visas in 1940 from which French city?

Bordeaux was his post as consul-general. Recalled home, Sousa Mendes was forced out of the service and died penniless in 1954; Portugal cleared his name only in 1988.

Which British stockbroker's 1939 rescue of 669 children from Czechoslovakia stayed unknown until a 1988 TV reunion?

Nicholas Winton's story surfaced when the BBC's That's Life! seated him, unawares, among the grown-up children he had saved; he was knighted in 2003 and died aged 106 in 2015.

Which ghetto did the SS 'beautify' with sham shops and a school for a Red Cross inspection in June 1944?

Theresienstadt, in the garrison town of Terezín, won a glowing report from Red Cross delegate Maurice Rossel. To thin the crowds beforehand, the SS had deported about 7,500 inmates that May.

Which camp, opened in March 1933 for political prisoners, ran longer than any other in the Nazi system?

Dachau opened on 22 March 1933, weeks after Hitler took power, in a disused munitions factory near Munich. It became the model for every later camp and ran until US troops arrived on 29 April 1945.

Which camp on the Ettersberg hill above Weimar, Goethe's city, was liberated by the US Army in April 1945?

Buchenwald prisoners had already taken control of the camp from its last guards when American troops arrived on 11 April 1945. It was one of the largest camps inside Germany's pre-war borders.

Which camp outside Lublin was captured nearly intact by the Red Army in July 1944, the first major camp liberated?

Majdanek fell so fast that the SS fled before they could destroy it, leaving gas chambers, crematorium ovens and warehouses piled with victims' shoes for the Soviet troops to find.

After a mass prisoner escape on 14 October 1943, the SS razed which camp and planted a pine forest over it?

Sobibór's revolt was planned by Leon Feldhendler and Red Army lieutenant Alexander Pechersky, a prisoner of war. About 300 prisoners broke out, but only a few dozen lived to see the war end.

Which author of the memoir Night won the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize and helped found the US Holocaust museum?

Elie Wiesel, deported from Sighet at 15, was honoured by the Nobel committee as a 'messenger to mankind'. He taught humanities at Boston University for decades.

Primo Levi, the Italian survivor who wrote If This Is a Man, worked in which profession before and after the war?

A chemist trained at the University of Turin, Levi told his life through the elements in The Periodic Table. A Royal Institution vote in 2006 named it the best science book ever written.

Which philosopher covered the 1961 Jerusalem trial for The New Yorker and coined the phrase 'the banality of evil'?

Hannah Arendt, herself a refugee from Germany, turned the articles into Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963), arguing that the defendant was a thoughtless bureaucrat rather than a monster; the book remains fiercely debated.

Which US Supreme Court justice took leave to serve as chief American prosecutor at the 1945–46 Nuremberg trial?

Robert H. Jackson took leave from the Court, helped negotiate the charter that set up the tribunal, then opened the American case himself in November 1945.

The Nuremberg Code, ten principles built on voluntary consent, emerged from which of the later Nuremberg trials?

The Doctors' Trial (USA v. Brandt) delivered its verdict against Karl Brandt and 22 others on 20 August 1947, setting out the principles that became the Code, with explicit voluntary consent first among them.

Schindler's List was adapted from a Booker Prize-winning 1982 novel by which Australian author?

Thomas Keneally walked into a Beverly Hills leather goods shop in 1980 to buy a briefcase; its owner Poldek Pfefferberg, one of the Jews Schindler saved, talked him into writing the book, first called Schindler's Ark.

Which director founded the Shoah Foundation in 1994 to film survivor testimony, a year after his Schindler's List?

Steven Spielberg set out to record 50,000 testimonies 'before it was too late'; the archive, now at the University of Southern California, holds more than 55,000 interviews and has since added survivors of other genocides.

In Art Spiegelman's Maus, which animal stands for the Poles, while Jews are mice and Germans are cats?

Pigs are the Poles and dogs the Americans in Spiegelman's cast; the Pulitzer-winning book was pulled from a Tennessee county's classrooms in 2022 over swear words and one naked drawing.

Which space shuttle carried a copy of 'Moon Landscape', drawn by teenage ghetto prisoner Petr Ginz, into orbit in 2003?

Columbia broke apart on re-entry on 1 February 2003, which would have been Ginz's 75th birthday; Israel's first astronaut, Ilan Ramon, carried the copy, supplied by Yad Vashem.

Which Polish paediatrician and children's author, refusing pleas to flee, moved into the Warsaw ghetto with his orphans?

Janusz Korczak, born Henryk Goldszmit, took his pen name from a nineteenth-century novel and let his orphans run their own affairs; in August 1942 he went with nearly 200 of them to Treblinka.

The Oneg Shabbat archive, a secret record of Warsaw Ghetto life led by historian Emanuel Ringelblum, was buried in what?

Milk cans and metal boxes went into the ground in three caches; two were dug out of the rubble in 1946 and 1950, some 35,000 pages in all, and the third has never been found.

Which Polish underground courier, who entered the Warsaw Ghetto in secret, briefed Roosevelt in person in July 1943?

Jan Karski had already briefed Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden in London; his pleas for rescue brought little result, and he stayed in America, teaching at Georgetown for decades.

Which Polish officer let himself be arrested in 1940 so he could be sent into Auschwitz and report from inside?

Witold Pilecki escaped through the camp bakery in April 1943 after two and a half years inside; Poland's communist government shot him as a spy in 1948 and suppressed his story for decades.

Virtually all Jews survived in which Muslim-majority country, a fact often credited to its honour code of besa?

Albania ended the war with more Jews than it began with: refugees were hidden alongside the small local community, and all but one family survived the German occupation.

Which Axis ally halted deportation of its Jewish citizens in March 1943 after protests led by Dimitar Peshev?

Bulgaria's parliament censured Peshev and stripped him of its vice-presidency within weeks, yet the halt held; the same government had already deported 11,343 Jews from occupied Thrace and Macedonia.

Which Asian port drew thousands of Jews fleeing the Nazis in the late 1930s because it required no entry visa?

Shanghai's refugees settled in the Hongkou district, where by 1940 a few streets of European-style cafés and shops had earned the nickname 'Little Vienna'.

Which island did a 1940 Nazi Foreign Office plan propose as a destination for deporting the Jews of Europe?

Madagascar, then a French colony, had been studied by France and Poland as a home for Polish Jews in 1937; Berlin shelved its own plan in early 1942, weeks after the Wannsee Conference.

From September 1941, Jews over the age of six in Germany and annexed Bohemia were ordered to wear what in public?

A yellow star badge bearing the word 'Jude' in mock-Hebrew lettering was the Reich's version; in occupied Poland the order had come earlier and took the form of a white armband with a blue star.

Which camp badge, worn by men imprisoned under Paragraph 175, was later reclaimed as a symbol of LGBT pride?

A pink triangle marked prisoners identified as homosexual; after liberation some were re-imprisoned by West Germany, which did not repeal the Nazi version of Paragraph 175 until 1969, and the 1970s revived the badge as a protest symbol.

The European Parliament marks 2 August as a day of remembrance for the Porajmos, the genocide against which group?

Roma and Sinti families were held together in a separate compound at Birkenau; on 2 August 1944 the SS emptied it, sending nearly everyone still there to the gas chambers.

Auschwitz is the German name of which Polish town, whose army barracks were expanded into the camp in 1940?

Oświęcim lay in the part of Poland that Germany annexed outright in 1939; the SS took over its abandoned army garrison in spring 1940, at first to hold Polish political prisoners.

The Hebrew word Shoah, Israel's standard term for the Holocaust, translates as what?

Catastrophe is the plain sense of the Hebrew word, which Hebrew speakers were using before English settled on Holocaust, from the Greek for a wholly burnt offering.

Which US general toured Ohrdruf in April 1945, then urged Washington to fly in journalists and congressmen as witnesses?

Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote that he made the visit 'deliberately', to be able to give 'first-hand evidence' should anyone later call the reports propaganda; Ohrdruf was the first camp the US Army liberated.

The lakeside villa where the Wannsee Conference was held reopened on its fiftieth anniversary in 1992 as what?

A memorial and museum, the House of the Wannsee Conference, opened on 20 January 1992 after historian Joseph Wulf's 1965 proposal had been rejected by West Germany; the building had meanwhile served as a school.

Under what title did Anne Frank's writings from the annex first appear in English, in 1952?

The Diary of a Young Girl replaced Het Achterhuis, the annex, a title Anne chose herself in 1944 while reworking her diary in the hope of publishing it after the war.

Which American journalist's Marseille network smuggled 2,000 refugees, Marc Chagall among them, out of Vichy France?

Varian Fry, working for the Emergency Rescue Committee against the wishes of his own government, was expelled after thirteen months and became the first American named Righteous Among the Nations.

Which postwar refugee ship, carrying 4,515 survivors to Palestine, was boarded by the Royal Navy and turned back?

Exodus 1947 had served as an accommodation ship for the D-Day landings before Aliyah Bet volunteers sailed her from France; the Royal Navy took her to Haifa and her passengers were eventually returned to Europe.

The Holocaust took the lives of about how many Jews, roughly two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population?

6 million Jews were murdered between 1941 and 1945, about one in three of all Jews then alive in the world; roughly half of the victims came from Poland.

Raphael Lemkin coined 'genocide' by joining the Greek genos, meaning race or people, to a Latin root meaning what?

Killing is the root's meaning, and Lemkin, who lost 49 relatives in the Holocaust, pressed the United Nations until it outlawed the crime in 1948.

Long before the Nazis revived the word, the first Jewish quarter called a 'ghetto' was created in 1516 in which city?

Venice confined its Jews to one island district whose gates were locked every evening, and the English word ghetto comes from that quarter.

Which euphemism was the Nazi code name for murdering Europe's Jews, set out to ministries at Wannsee in 1942?

The Final Solution was short for 'the Final Solution to the Jewish Question', and about a million Jews had already been murdered before the Wannsee meeting took place.

Which Nazi leader, head of the SS from 1929 and a main architect of the Holocaust, died in British custody in 1945?

Heinrich Himmler tried to slip away with a forged paybook in a sergeant's name, but once in British hands he bit into a hidden cyanide pill and never stood trial.

Which camp in northern Germany, where Anne Frank died in early 1945, was liberated by British troops that April?

Bergen-Belsen had no gas chambers, yet British soldiers found some 60,000 starving prisoners and 13,000 unburied bodies, scenes the BBC's Richard Dimbleby reported from inside the camp.

Roberto Benigni won the Best Actor Oscar as a father who shields his young son inside a Nazi camp in which film?

Life Is Beautiful made Benigni the first man to win Best Actor for a non-English-language role, and he drew on his own father's two years as a camp prisoner.

Which book did Adolf Hitler begin in Landsberg Prison in 1924 while serving a sentence for his failed coup?

Mein Kampf, meaning My Struggle, laid out Hitler's hostility to Jews years before he took power; Rudolf Hess, later his deputy, helped to edit it.

In which city did Anne Frank's family hide for two years in a secret annex concealed behind a bookcase?

Amsterdam had been the family's refuge since they left Germany after Hitler came to power in 1933; the annex sat above her father's own offices.

Which language, close kin to German, was the mother tongue of most of the Jews murdered in the Holocaust?

Yiddish was the first language of some 85% of the victims, and its daily use across Europe collapsed with the communities that spoke it.

Which Nazi minister ran the Reich's propaganda from 1933 and stoked the Kristallnacht attacks through the press in 1938?

Joseph Goebbels held a doctorate in philology and had hoped to be an author; as minister he promoted the persecution of Jews through pogroms and legislation.

Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a border town in which present-day country?

Austria was his homeland until he renounced its citizenship in 1925; stateless for seven years, he became a German only in 1932, the year before he took power.

Which practice, now routine at the United Nations, had its first major use at the Nuremberg trial of Nazi leaders?

Simultaneous interpretation let the court work in English, French, German and Russian at once, and the trial is regarded as the method's official birth.

Which secret police force of Nazi Germany got its familiar name when a postal clerk abbreviated its title for a stamp?

The Gestapo was a surprisingly small force, and it owed its reach to ordinary Germans who were willing to report on their neighbours.

In 1992 Art Spiegelman's Maus, a Holocaust survivor's story, became the first graphic novel to win which award?

A Pulitzer Prize went to Maus as a special award, because the board could not settle whether a comic about the author's father was fiction, biography or history.

The 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews of full citizenship and banned what between Jews and other Germans?

Marriage and any sexual relationship between Jews and other Germans were outlawed, and Jewish households were barred from employing German women under 45.

Hitler used a February 1933 arson attack on which Berlin building to have civil liberties suspended by decree?

The Reichstag blaze was blamed on a communist plot, and a decree signed the next day suspended free speech, free assembly and habeas corpus across Germany.

Which American sprinter's four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics undercut Nazi claims of 'Aryan' supremacy?

Jesse Owens won the 100 metres, 200 metres, long jump and sprint relay, making him the most successful athlete of Games that Hitler had staged as a showcase for his regime.

Which Luftwaffe chief, the main target of the Nuremberg trial, swallowed cyanide the night before he was due to hang?

Hermann Göring, once commander of the Red Baron's old fighter wing, spent the war years amassing artworks, many of them stolen from Jewish victims.

Adrien Brody won the Best Actor Oscar as Władysław Szpilman, hiding in wartime Warsaw, in which Roman Polanski film?

The Pianist was personal for Polanski, who escaped a wartime ghetto himself as a child after his mother's death, and it won him the Oscar for Best Director.

Which SS general chaired the Wannsee Conference in January 1942 and was fatally ambushed in Prague four months later?

Reinhard Heydrich was attacked by Czech and Slovak soldiers trained in Britain, and the programme that built death camps in occupied Poland was named Operation Reinhard after him.

Most Jews deported from the Warsaw Ghetto in the summer of 1942 were sent to which death camp northeast of the city?

Treblinka murdered more Jews than any other Nazi camp but one, and its gas chambers stopped for good only after prisoners revolted and broke out in August 1943.

German units shot more than 33,000 Jews in two days in September 1941 at the Babi Yar ravine in which city?

Kyiv had been in German hands for ten days when its Jews were told to gather; far more came than expected, believing until the end that they were being resettled.

Which SS death squads, four units lettered A to D, followed the German army into the Soviet Union in 1941?

Einsatzgruppen and their auxiliaries murdered about 1.3 million Jews, and their officers were often highly educated: nine of the seventeen leaders of one unit held doctorates.

Which charge, covering the murder and persecution of civilians, did prosecutors first bring at the Nuremberg trial?

Crimes against humanity can be charged in peacetime and for atrocities against a state's own people; the Allies first used the phrase in 1915 about the Armenian massacres.

Which helper rescued Anne Frank's scattered papers after the arrest and kept them in a desk drawer for her father?

Miep Gies never read the pages before handing them over, and said later that she would have destroyed them had she known they named the helpers.

Which psychiatrist and camp survivor wrote the bestselling memoir Man's Search for Meaning over just nine days?

Viktor Frankl drew on the camps to found logotherapy, a school of therapy built on the idea that the search for meaning is the central human drive.

Which student group, led by siblings Hans and Sophie Scholl, spread leaflets urging Germans to resist the Nazis?

The White Rose wrote six leaflets; the Scholls were guillotined four days after their arrest, and Allied planes later dropped copies of the last leaflet over Germany.

Which title does Israel give to non-Jews who risked their own lives to save Jews during the Holocaust?

Righteous Among the Nations is conferred by Yad Vashem, which gives each rescuer a medal and adds the name to a Wall of Honor in its garden.

Oskar Schindler's enamelware factory, where about 1,000 Jewish workers found protection, stood in which Polish city?

Kraków was where Schindler took over the plant in 1939; in 1944 he moved it and some 1,200 Jews to the occupied Czech lands, sparing them the gas chambers.

Nazi leaders used a Jewish teenager's shooting of a German diplomat in which city as the pretext for Kristallnacht?

Paris was where Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old raised in Germany by Polish-Jewish parents, shot Ernst vom Rath; his fate is unknown, and he was declared dead in 1960.

Which survivor gave up his career as an architect to spend decades tracking down fugitive Nazi war criminals?

Simon Wiesenthal helped build the dossier on Franz Stangl, a death-camp commandant later jailed for life, and a research centre in Los Angeles is named in his honour.

Which SS camp physician, dubbed the 'Angel of Death', experimented on twins and later escaped to South America?

Josef Mengele lived under false names for decades and drowned after a stroke while swimming off Brazil in 1979; his remains were identified six years later.

Which SS officer, known as the 'Butcher of Lyon', was brought back from Bolivia and jailed for life by a French court?

Klaus Barbie had 44 Jewish children seized from a home at Izieu and deported; after the war American intelligence employed him and helped him escape Europe.

Which German president, a First World War field marshal, reluctantly appointed Adolf Hitler chancellor in 1933?

Paul von Hindenburg privately called Hitler 'that Bohemian corporal'; when the old soldier died the following year, Hitler merged the presidency into his own office.

Which Newbery Medal-winning Lois Lowry novel follows a Copenhagen girl helping her Jewish best friend escape the Nazis?

Number the Stars grew out of the memories of Lowry's friend Annelise, who was a child in Denmark in 1943 when neighbours helped the country's Jews get away.

Which West German chancellor dropped to his knees before the Warsaw Ghetto monument on a 1970 visit to Poland?

Willy Brandt, who had spent most of the Hitler years in exile as an opponent of the regime, knelt in silence for about half a minute after laying a wreath.

Which Lutheran pastor, a founder of the Confessing Church, was hanged in a Nazi camp in April 1945?

Dietrich Bonhoeffer was arrested over Operation 7, a scheme that got 14 Jews out of Germany, and he was hanged a month before the war in Europe ended.

Which Dutch watchmaker hid Jews in a secret room of her Haarlem home and told the story in The Hiding Place?

Corrie ten Boom was the first woman licensed as a watchmaker in the Netherlands; an informant gave the family away in 1944, and her sister Betsie died in a camp that December.

Adolf Hitler was twice rejected as a student by the Academy of Fine Arts in which city before the First World War?

Vienna turned him down as an art student, and the city's populist mayor Karl Lueger was then winning votes by exploiting antisemitic feeling.

Which city's ghetto, run by council chairman Chaim Rumkowski, was the last in occupied Poland to be emptied?

Łódź held the second-largest ghetto in German-occupied Europe, and it lasted until August 1944 because its workshops were so productive for the occupiers.

The Nazi programme code-named T4, after an office address in Berlin, targeted which group for so-called 'mercy deaths'?

People with disabilities and psychiatric patients were murdered in hospitals by the hundred thousand, and from 1941 the Catholic bishop of Münster, Clemens von Galen, led protests.

Which plea, that a soldier merely did as commanded, did the Nuremberg judges refuse to accept as a defence?

Superior orders is also called the Nuremberg defence, and the ruling became Nuremberg Principle IV: a command from above may soften a sentence but does not excuse the act.

Which French director spent eleven years making Shoah, a nine-hour documentary with no archive footage?

Claude Lanzmann filmed 350 hours of interviews with survivors, witnesses and perpetrators, then spent five years of the eleven in the editing room.

Which French village, guided by Protestant pastor André Trocmé, became a haven for Jewish refugees throughout the war?

Le Chambon-sur-Lignon had itself been a refuge for persecuted Huguenots in the 16th century; estimates of those it sheltered from the Nazis run from 800 to 5,000.

Which Czech village was burned and levelled in June 1942, its men shot, in reprisal for an SS general's assassination?

Lidice lost all 173 of its men and older boys in one day; its women were deported to camps, and about 340 villagers, 88 of them children, were murdered in all.

Which author lost a libel case in England's High Court against Deborah Lipstadt, who had called him a Holocaust denier?

David Irving lost in 2000, when the judge found that he had systematically distorted the historical record of the Holocaust.

Which Nazi camp north of Berlin, opened in 1939, was built to hold only women, some 130,000 of whom passed through it?

Ravensbrück held women from across occupied Europe, the largest group from Poland, and SS physicians there carried out medical experiments on 86 prisoners without consent.

Which partisan leader, played by Daniel Craig in Defiance, sheltered over 1,200 Jews in a wartime forest camp?

Tuvia Bielski and his brothers turned no one away, and seven in ten of the people in their forest camp were women, children and the elderly.

Which Berlin prison held seven Nazi leaders convicted at Nuremberg and was razed after its last inmate died in 1987?

Spandau was run in monthly turns by the four occupying powers, and for his last two decades Rudolf Hess was its only prisoner; it was pulled down so it could not become a shrine.