117 Fun Facts About Nursing

Which newspaper reported that Nightingale made her night rounds at Scutari 'with a little lamp in her hand'?

The Times printed that picture of her rounds, and Longfellow's 1857 poem 'Santa Filomena', with its line 'A Lady with a lamp shall stand', spread it further.

Nightingale's Scutari hospital, reached in 1854, lies in which modern city?

Scutari is now part of Istanbul, and its hospital's death rate only began to fall after a sanitary commission sent in spring 1855 repaired sewers and ventilation.

Nightingale's 1859 'Notes on Nursing' offered 'hints for thought' chiefly to which readers?

Ordinary women were her audience: the preface says almost every woman has charge of somebody's health, 'in other words, every woman is a nurse'.

Before the Crimean War, Nightingale trained as a nurse at a Lutheran deaconess institute in which country?

Germany's Kaiserswerth institute trained her despite her family's disapproval, since they saw nursing as lowly work unsuitable for a woman of her standing.

What did Florence Nightingale call her printed compilation of charts on Crimean army deaths?

A coxcomb was her word for the eye-catching booklet of charts she had printed, the showy part of a huge report that people would actually notice.

Florence Nightingale became the first woman elected to which learned body?

The Royal Statistical Society admitted a pioneer whose statistics and diagrams gave hard evidence to a Royal Commission on the army's health.

What did Nightingale name the juvenile owl she rescued in Greece and kept as a pet?

Athena was the name she gave the little owl after saving it from a group of children who were tormenting it, and it came home with her as a pet.

In 1907 Nightingale became the first woman to receive which British honour?

The Order of Merit came decades after the Crimea; though intermittently bedridden from 1857, she had kept campaigning to raise health standards.

In which US city was the Nightingale Pledge written in 1893 by Lystra Gretter and a committee?

Detroit's Farrand Training School produced it, and new American nurses often recite the pledge at their pinning ceremonies.

Which Jamaican-born nurse opened the 'British Hotel' near Balaclava for sick and convalescent Crimean War officers?

Mary Seacole came home from the war destitute, and in July 1857 a benefit festival was staged to raise money for her.

Clara Barton, founder of the American Red Cross, was born on which holiday in 1821?

Christmas Day 1821 was her birthday, and after the war her office helped trace more than 20,000 missing soldiers.

At which 1862 battle did Clara Barton see wounds dressed with corn husks because army supplies lagged far behind?

Antietam was one of several battles where she nursed under fire, and in one such moment a bullet tore through her sleeve and killed the man she was helping.

Before and after running Union army nurses, Dorothea Dix crusaded for better care of whom?

The mentally ill were her lifelong cause, and as superintendent she insisted that Union and Confederate wounded be treated alike.

Which American poet worked part-time in the army paymaster's office while volunteering as a nurse in Civil War hospitals?

Walt Whitman turned those years into the poems of 'Drum-Taps', and after Lincoln's assassination he wrote the elegy 'O Captain! My Captain!'

Linda Richards, America's first trained nurse, is credited with creating what at New York's Bellevue Hospital?

Individual patient records were her Bellevue innovation, and she later went to Japan to set up nurse training there.

Who became the first African American professionally trained nurse in the United States, in 1879?

Mary Eliza Mahoney, a longtime supporter of women's suffrage, is believed to be among the first women in Boston to sign up to vote in 1920.

Nurse Lillian Wald founded which institution on New York's Lower East Side in 1893?

Henry Street Settlement nurse Lina Rogers and Wald set up the first school nurse program in the United States, sending nurses into New York's classrooms.

Which nursing theorist defined the nurse's unique function as assisting the individual 'sick or well'?

Virginia Henderson's definition aims at independence: nurses help people do what they would do unaided, so they can look after themselves once they leave hospital.

Nursing theorist Hildegard Peplau is known for a middle-range theory of what?

Interpersonal relations theory carried psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan's ideas into nursing and helped nurses develop more therapeutic ways of working with patients.

Dickens's drunken nurse Sairey Gamp, who always carried one, gave British slang a word for what?

An umbrella became a 'gamp', and Dickens's caricature became the stock image of the untrained nurse before Victorian nursing reform.

Madeleine Leininger developed which concept, arguing that care must fit a patient's values, beliefs and 'lifeways'?

Transcultural nursing has since grown into a discipline of its own, teaching nurses to weigh a patient's cultural background when planning care.

Patricia Benner's 1984 book 'From Novice to Expert' applied whose skill-acquisition framework to nursing?

The Dreyfus model gave her five stages from novice to expert, and she argued that expert nurses act on an intuitive grasp of situations rather than rules.

American nurse Clara Maass died in 1901 after volunteering to be bitten by mosquitoes carrying which disease?

Yellow fever killed her at 25, and the public outcry over her death ended the yellow fever experiments on human volunteers in Cuba.

Which US president issued the 1974 proclamation designating a National Nurse Week?

Richard Nixon's week ran from 10 to 16 February 1974, but National Nurses Week now runs each May, ending on Nightingale's birthday.

Which city is home to the International Council of Nurses, which chose 12 May for International Nurses Day?

Geneva is the ICN's home, and in January 1974 the council picked 12 May for the day because it is Florence Nightingale's birthday.

The ANA traces its origins to 1896. Under what name was it first organised?

Plans were drawn up at the Manhattan Beach Hotel near New York City; the body took the name American Nurses Association in 1911 and is now based in Silver Spring, Maryland.

Mary Breckinridge's Frontier Nursing Service, founded in 1925, sent nurse-midwives on horseback into which state's mountains?

Kentucky's isolated eastern mountains were its territory, and its nurse-midwives improved health outcomes for some of America's poorest families.

Which profession topped Gallup's 2001 honesty poll, the only non-nurse winner 1999-2025?

The exception came in the poll taken after the 9/11 attacks; in the December 2025 survey 75% of Americans rated nurses' ethics 'very high' or 'high'.

Which nurse led the 1931 founding of America's national association of nurse anesthetists?

Agatha Hodgins's association went on to create national certification for nurse anesthetists and to accredit their schools.

Which agency supervised the US Cadet Nurse Corps, created in 1943 to ease the wartime nursing shortage?

The law creating it specifically banned discrimination based on race, colour or creed, and registered nurse Lucile Petry was appointed to run the programme.

Around 1889, surgeon William Halsted had which company make thin rubber gloves for his operating-room nurse?

Goodyear made them to protect nurse Caroline Hampton's hands from harsh antiseptic, and only later were gloves valued for preventing infection.

The first US Navy Nurse Corps members, appointed in 1908, became known by what nickname?

The Sacred Twenty trained at the Naval Medical School Hospital in Washington before the Navy posted them to its other hospitals.

Before founding the American Red Cross, Clara Barton gave civilian relief with the Red Cross during which European war?

The Franco-Prussian War came soon after she first learned of the Red Cross movement in Europe, and back home she campaigned for US recognition of it.

On which day was the Vietnam Women's Memorial dedicated on the National Mall in 1993?

Veterans Day 1993 ended a ten-year campaign led by former Army nurse Diane Carlson Evans, after officials had first rejected a memorial to women.

Edith Cavell was shot in 1915 for helping some 200 Allied soldiers escape from which occupied country?

Belgium was where she nursed wounded soldiers from both sides without distinction, even while smuggling Allied men to safety.

What everyday object did René Laennec notice amplified heart sounds, inspiring the stethoscope in 1816?

A rolled piece of paper spared him pressing his ear to a young woman's chest, and he recalled how a pin scratched on one end of a stick is heard at the other.

Which Italian physician introduced the cuff-style sphygmomanometer in 1896?

Scipione Riva-Rocci's cuff struggled with diastolic readings until 1905, when Russian doctor Nikolai Korotkov began listening through a stethoscope as the cuff deflated.

Which author's 1863 'Hospital Sketches' drew on her weeks as a volunteer Union Army nurse in Georgetown?

Louisa May Alcott told the sketches through a renamed narrator, yet they stay close to her real experiences nursing wounded Union soldiers.

Scottish doctor Thomas Latta pioneered intravenous saline infusions in 1832 to treat which disease?

Cholera was raging through Leith and Edinburgh in 1832, yet Latta's pioneering saline treatment was soon forgotten after his death.

Bjørn Ibsen set up the world's first intensive care unit in 1953 after a polio outbreak in which city?

Copenhagen's polio patients who could not breathe unaided were kept alive by medical students squeezing air by hand through a tube into the windpipe.

Which hospice did Cicely Saunders open in London in 1967?

St Christopher's grew from a dying patient's bequest to Saunders, left 'to be a window in your home'.

Nurses' caps all but disappeared from US hospitals by the late 1980s with the adoption of what?

The cap descended from the head coverings of early Christian deaconesses and the nun's habit; some schools still hold a capping ceremony before students begin clinicals.

The nursing pin descends from which symbol used by the Knights Hospitaller?

The Hospitallers ran some of the earliest hospitals for leprosy and other chronic disease; many modern pins swap the cross for a school seal or an oil lamp.

In 16th-century English hospitals, what role did the matron fill?

The housekeeper's old title returned to England's NHS in 2001, when the government created 'modern matrons' to lead on standards such as infection control.

At which fictional New York hospital does Edie Falco's 'Nurse Jackie' work?

All Saints' is where Jackie Peyton works while secretly relying on prescription pills to get through her shifts.

Who won the Best Actress Oscar for playing Nurse Ratched in "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest"?

Louise Fletcher's Nurse Ratched became a lasting negative stereotype of the psychiatric nurse.

'Call the Midwife' follows the midwives of Nonnatus House in which East London district?

Poplar is the show's East End setting, and the series grew out of midwife Jennifer Worth's memoirs of the 1950s.

Which actress played Major Margaret 'Hot Lips' Houlihan for all eleven seasons of M*A*S*H?

She and Alan Alda were the only two cast members to appear in both the 1972 pilot and the 1983 finale; Sally Kellerman had played the role in the 1970 film.

The Jamaican-born Crimean War nurse learned her healing skills from her mother, who ran what?

A boarding house for invalid soldiers was where she learned, and she later blended her mother's traditional remedies with European medicine.

Where was a statue of the Jamaican-born Crimean nurse unveiled in 2016?

At St Thomas' Hospital, London, the bronze crowned a public campaign to honour her with a statue.

What did British nurse Edith Cavell tell an Anglican chaplain the night before her 1915 execution?

Patriotism is not enough, she told chaplain Stirling Gahan, adding that she must have no hatred or bitterness towards anyone.

Which symptom has come to be called 'the fifth vital sign' in US medicine?

Pain was promoted as a fifth vital sign in the 1990s, a push later said to have contributed to opioid overprescribing.

In 1901, which country became the first to pass a law devoted to registering nurses?

New Zealand's act owed much to nurse Grace Neill's campaigning, while the Cape Colony had covered nurses earlier only in a clause of a medical act.

Which Harvard professor designed the lighter 1960s stethoscope that still bears his name?

David Littmann's design became the model for modern acoustic stethoscopes, which pair a bell for low sounds with a diaphragm for high ones.

What are the four primary vital signs?

Temperature, blood pressure, pulse and breathing rate are the four, yet breathing rate, an early warning of deterioration, is often the one neglected.

Which deacon commended in Paul's Letter to the Romans is thought to have cared for the sick poor?

Phoebe served the church at Cenchreae, and she is generally thought to have delivered Paul's letter to the Christians in Rome.

A black stripe on a nursing cap traditionally signified what?

Bellevue adopted a school cap around 1874, and each school's cap identified where a nurse had trained.

Why did hospitals abandon white surgical clothing in the 1950s and 60s?

By the 1970s the short-sleeved V-neck and drawstring pants had become the standard scrubs.

What informal British name is given to the plain outfits worn by staff in operating rooms?

Theatre blues borrow their name from the operating theatre, once a tiered hall where students and spectators watched surgeons at work.

Nightingale's 1858 study of British soldier mortality in the Crimea is a seminal work in which field?

Epidemiology: her figures showed poor living conditions, not wounds, killed most soldiers, and she then pressed to overhaul the army's peacetime health.

Which nurse opened America's first birth control clinic, in Brooklyn in 1916?

Margaret Sanger's Brownsville clinic was soon shut down by police, and she served 30 days rather than pay a fine.

Nightingale's older sister Parthenope was named after the old Greek name of which city, her birthplace?

Naples began as a Greek settlement called Parthenope, after a siren who in legend was buried on its shore.

Which politician and close friend of Nightingale served as an honorary secretary of the Nightingale Fund?

Sidney Herbert, then Secretary at War, had authorised the mission that took her and her nurses to the Crimean War.

Which Hemingway novel follows an American ambulance driver's wartime romance with the English nurse Catherine Barkley?

A Farewell to Arms drew on Hemingway's own stay in a Milan hospital after he was wounded in 1918, where he fell for his nurse Agnes von Kurowsky.

Which crime novelist volunteered as a hospital nurse in Torquay during the First World War?

Agatha Christie nursed at Torquay's Town Hall hospital from 1914, then qualified and worked there as a dispenser until 1918.

On which Bank of England banknote did Nightingale appear from 1975 to 1994?

Before 2002 she was the only woman other than female monarchs ever to feature on an English note.

Which Ben Stiller character is mocked by his girlfriend's father for working as a male nurse?

Greg Focker, in Meet the Parents, loses the family cat and tries to pass off a lookalike in its place.

Which anticoagulant was first sold as a rat poison and is named after a Wisconsin research foundation?

Warfarin takes its name from WARF, the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, plus the ending of coumarin. It launched in 1948 as a rodenticide and only later became a medicine.

Which Bee Gees disco hit do CPR instructors use to help trainees keep the right chest-compression pace?

Stayin' Alive runs at about 103 beats a minute, inside the 100 to 120 compressions a minute that CPR calls for. The American Heart Association built a training campaign around the song.

Which aviation pioneer worked as a nurse's aide at a Toronto military hospital during the First World War?

Amelia Earhart trained with the Red Cross and handed out medication in the dispensary of Spadina Military Hospital. She was still working night shifts there when the 1918 flu pandemic arrived.

Which mouthwash is named after the British surgeon who pioneered antiseptic operations using carbolic acid?

Listerine honours Joseph Lister, whose carbolic-acid dressings cut infections after surgery in the 1860s. A St. Louis chemist devised it in 1879 as a surgical antiseptic, and it was later sold as a floor cleaner.

At which New York seaside resort were premature babies in incubators shown to paying crowds as a sideshow?

Coney Island visitors paid 25 cents to see the babies, and those fees covered the care, so parents were never charged. Martin Couney's sideshows are credited with saving over 6,500 premature infants.

Which actress won an Oscar as Annie Wilkes, the nurse who holds an injured novelist captive in 'Misery'?

Kathy Bates took Best Actress for the role, the first Oscar won by any film based on a Stephen King novel. James Caan plays her captive, the writer Paul Sheldon.

Which creatures did the FDA classify as a medical device in 2004 to drain blood from reattached fingers?

Leeches returned to hospitals in the 1970s, when microsurgeons needed a way to keep blood moving through reattached fingers and ears. Their saliva carries an anticoagulant called hirudin.

Which company employed Earle Dickson, who invented the Band-Aid for his accident-prone wife?

Johnson & Johnson took up Dickson's home-made fix in 1920 and marketed it as the Band-Aid. Dickson rose to vice president of the company before retiring in 1957.

Which Underground Railroad conductor also nursed Union soldiers, treating dysentery with plant remedies?

Harriet Tubman nursed soldiers at Port Royal, South Carolina, and was never paid for that work. She went on to serve the Union Army as an armed scout and spy.

Which explosive, the active ingredient in dynamite, is given under the tongue to relieve angina?

Nitroglycerin has treated heart conditions since 1878 because it widens blood vessels. Alfred Nobel, who turned it into dynamite, was prescribed it for his own heart months before he died.

Which Greek god carried a rod entwined with one snake, medicine's true emblem, often confused with the caduceus?

Asclepius, the god of healing, holds a rod with one snake; the winged, two-snake caduceus belonged to Hermes. The mix-up spread after the US Army put the caduceus on medical officers' uniforms in 1902.

The carnage of which 1859 battle in northern Italy moved businessman Henry Dunant to propose the Red Cross?

Solferino left thousands of wounded with almost no care, so Dunant organised local civilians to help. His book about the battle led to the Red Cross and a share of the first Nobel Peace Prize.

The red cross emblem reverses the colours of which country's national flag?

Switzerland hosted the Geneva conference that adopted the emblem: its white cross on red became a red cross on white. The Ottoman Empire later chose a red crescent, fearing a cross would alienate its Muslim soldiers.

Which 'Jumanji' and 'Cheaper by the Dozen' actress worked as an oncology nurse in Chicago before turning to acting?

Bonnie Hunt was nursing at Northwestern Memorial Hospital when she auditioned for 'Rain Man' on her lunch break. She won the part of the waitress Sally Dibbs.

Which 'Mamma Mia!' and 'Harry Potter' actress trained as a nurse in Birmingham before switching to drama school?

Julie Walters spent 18 months on the eye, casualty and coronary care wards of Birmingham's Queen Elizabeth Hospital. She then left to study acting in Manchester.

Which Australian bush nurse defied doctors by treating polio with hot compresses and movement instead of splints?

Elizabeth Kenny's ideas about retraining muscles became a foundation of modern physiotherapy. Hollywood told her story in 1946, with Rosalind Russell starring in 'Sister Kenny'.

Polish nurse and social worker Irena Sendler helped smuggle Jewish children out of which city's wartime ghetto?

Warsaw was where Sendler and dozens of helpers gave the children false papers and hid them with families, in orphanages and in convents. She later nursed in a field hospital during the 1944 uprising.

The 'Angels of Bataan' were American military nurses held as prisoners of war in and around which Asian capital?

Manila's Santo Tomas internment camp, a converted university campus, held the Army nurses until their liberation in 1945. They carried on working as a nursing unit while prisoners.

Army Nurse Corps chief Anna Mae Hays made history in 1970 as the first American woman promoted to which rank?

Brigadier general was a rank no woman in the US armed forces had reached before Hays. Elizabeth Hoisington, director of the Women's Army Corps, was promoted to it alongside her.

Which Hungarian doctor cut maternity deaths in 1840s Vienna by making staff wash their hands in chlorinated lime?

Ignaz Semmelweis could not explain why it worked, and doctors offended at being told to wash mocked him. In his clinic, the doctors' wards had three times the mortality of the midwives' wards.

Which anesthesiologist devised the newborn health score that is taken one and five minutes after birth?

Virginia Apgar presented the score in 1952 while working at Columbia University. A decade later her surname was turned into a memory aid for its five checks, from Appearance to Respiration.

The Braden Scale, devised by Barbara Braden and Nancy Bergstrom, scores a hospital patient's risk of what?

Bedsores, or pressure ulcers, are predicted from six criteria that include skin moisture. The scale totals 23 points, and a higher score means a lower risk.

Nurses often prioritise care using Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs; which level sits at the base of the hierarchy?

Physiological needs such as air, water and food sit at the bottom, with self-actualization at the top. Maslow set out the idea in a 1943 paper, 'A Theory of Human Motivation'.

In the Trendelenburg position, named for a 19th-century surgeon, which part of the supine patient is raised highest?

The feet sit above the head on a 15 to 30 degree incline, so gravity pulls the abdominal organs away from the pelvis. Friedrich Trendelenburg gave the surgical tilt his name.

Which Austrian physician won a Nobel Prize for identifying the blood groups that make safe transfusions possible?

Karl Landsteiner distinguished the main blood groups in 1901 and received the Nobel in 1930. He is also credited with discovering the Rh factor and the poliovirus.

Naloxone, sold as Narcan and carried by many paramedics, rapidly reverses overdoses of which class of drug?

Opioids slow a person's breathing, and naloxone restores it by blocking their effects. The drug was patented in 1961 and approved for overdose in the United States ten years later.

Which blood type do emergency teams reach for when there is no time to test a bleeding patient's own?

O negative donors are often called universal donors, because their red cells suit almost any recipient. Transfusion guidelines restrict the supply to emergencies like this and a few other cases.

Which urgent hospital order, a staple of medical dramas, is short for a Latin word meaning 'immediately'?

Stat is clipped from the Latin 'statim'. Its ward companion PRN shortens 'pro re nata', literally 'for the thing born', and tells staff to give a drug only as needed.

Which balloon-tipped urinary catheter is named for the American urologist who first described the design in 1929?

Foley catheters stay put because a balloon at the tip is inflated with sterile water inside the bladder. A coloured band on the outer end usually shows the size.

On the Birmingham gauge used for hypodermic needles, a higher number means that the needle is what?

Thinner needles carry higher numbers: common sizes run from 7 gauge, the largest, to 34, the smallest. Blood donation uses a wide 16 or 17 gauge, which is gentler on red cells.

Which opium-derived drug did Friedrich Sertürner name after the Greek god of dreams because it tends to cause sleep?

Morphine began as 'morphium', a nod to Morpheus, when Sertürner isolated it in 1804. It is believed to be the first medicinal alkaloid ever isolated from a plant.

Ensign Nellie Forbush, a Navy nurse from Arkansas, is the heroine of which Rodgers and Hammerstein musical?

South Pacific draws on James Michener's wartime stories and won the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Nellie falls for a French planter but struggles to accept his mixed-race children.

Nurse Ellen Church became the first airline stewardess in 1930 after pitching the idea to which planemaker's airline?

Boeing Air Transport, a forerunner of United Airlines, had refused to hire Church as a pilot. She argued that nurses on board would calm the public's fear of flying.

Which Kimberly-Clark brand grew out of an improvised use Army nurses found for wartime Cellucotton bandages?

Kotex launched in 1920 to use up cellucotton, a wood-pulp fibre, left over from First World War bandages. Nurses had found the absorbent dressings worked as sanitary pads.

The heart drug digoxin comes from which garden plant, described as a dropsy remedy by William Withering in 1785?

Foxglove extracts were Withering's remedy for dropsy, the swollen ankles of heart failure. Digoxin itself was isolated from the Grecian species of the plant in 1930.

Nurse Jean Purdy, first to see Louise Brown's embryonic cells dividing, helped pioneer which fertility treatment?

IVF produced Louise Brown, the first 'test-tube baby', in 1978, with Purdy working alongside Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe. Her part in the breakthrough went unrecognised for some 30 years.

Sister Jean Ward, a nurse at Rochford Hospital in Essex, noticed that sunlight reduced which condition in newborns?

Jaundice is now routinely treated with light because of her chance observation. A pathologist at the same hospital then saw a vial of blood left in the sun turn green, and doctors put the two clues together.

Deep tenderness at McBurney's point, on the right side of the abdomen, is a classic sign of which condition?

Appendicitis shows up there because the point lies over the usual base of the appendix. It sits a third of the way along a line from the front of the hip bone to the navel.

Which drug, originally made from salmon sperm, is given to reverse the anticoagulant heparin after heart surgery?

Protamine binds to heparin, forming a stable pair with no anticoagulant activity. Surgeons need it because large doses of heparin keep blood from clotting inside the bypass pump.

Kangaroo care, the skin-to-skin holding of premature babies, was pioneered in which South American capital?

Bogotá's Instituto Materno Infantil was short of caregivers and resources, so Edgar Rey Sanabria turned to mothers' own body warmth. It began as an answer to scarce, overcrowded incubators.

Which Italian saint and patron of nurses was a soldier who gambled away his possessions before founding a nursing order?

Camillus de Lellis founded the Camillians, whose cassocks carried a large red cross centuries before the Red Cross existed. A leg wound from his army days never healed.

Sigma Theta Tau, nursing's international honor society, was founded by six student nurses at which university?

Indiana University students chose the name in 1922 from the initials of the Greek words for love, courage and honor. Six stars among the society's symbols stand for those founders.

Which surgeon to Napoleon's Imperial Guard invented 'flying ambulances' and set an early rule for battlefield triage?

Dominique Larrey treated the wounded by urgency of need, whatever their rank or nationality. At Waterloo, Wellington ordered his men not to fire in the surgeon's direction.

Which Johns Hopkins nursing superintendent became the first president of what is now the American Nurses Association?

Isabel Hampton Robb led the association from its founding and wrote several influential nursing textbooks. She also helped found the bodies that became the National League for Nursing and the International Council of Nurses.

A peak in which Canadian national park was renamed in 1916 for the executed British nurse Edith Cavell?

Jasper National Park's Mount Edith Cavell is the most prominent peak lying entirely within Alberta. It was previously known as Mount Fitzhugh.

Which 1933 memoir recounts Vera Brittain's First World War service as a Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse?

Testament of Youth follows Brittain to wards in London, Malta and France, and mourns her fiancé, her brother and two close friends, all killed in the war.

Which Life photographer shot the famous V-J Day kiss between a sailor and a white-uniformed woman in Times Square?

Alfred Eisenstaedt called her a nurse, but the woman in white is widely agreed to have been a dental assistant, Greta Zimmer Friedman. She later said the sailor, a stranger, had simply grabbed her.

Dorothea Orem's grand nursing theory, known as the Orem model, is built around a patient's deficit in what?

Self-care is treated in Orem's model as a human need, so nurses design their interventions to provide or manage it until the patient can. Orem herself trained at a hospital school in Washington, D.C.

The DAISY Award for extraordinary nurses takes its name from an acronym for diseases attacking which part of the body?

The immune system disorder ITP struck Patrick Barnes at 33, and the kindness of his nurses moved his family to create the award. It began at a cancer centre in Seattle.

Which American surgeon ran the 'Blood for Britain' project and then directed the first American Red Cross blood bank?

Charles Drew worked out improved ways to store blood and shipped large quantities of plasma to the United Kingdom. Almost 15,000 people donated to the programme in five months.