40 Fun Facts About Samuel Slater

How did Samuel Slater get Britain's closely guarded spinning-machine designs to America in 1789?

He memorized them during his years as a mill apprentice, because British law banned the export of machine drawings. He then rebuilt the machinery in America without a single plan.

Samuel Slater's English hometown rejected a 2001 gift from its American twin: a statue of which toy?

Mr. Potato Head arrived as a large fibreglass model, and some residents of Belper found it hideous. The statue was refurbished and sent back to the town in 2015.

Samuel Slater's later Massachusetts mills drew power from a lake famous for which American record?

The longest place name in the United States is often said to be the lake's 45-letter form, Lake Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg. Slater moved his business there for its abundant water power.

Which president, greeting Samuel Slater in 1833, hailed him as the father of American manufactures?

Andrew Jackson paid the tribute two years before Slater died, and it stuck. Slater is still widely called the Father of the American Industrial Revolution.

After he took mill secrets to America, Samuel Slater's hometown branded him Slater the what?

Traitor was the word in Belper, where many townspeople earned their living at the mills whose methods he took abroad. Americans remember him instead as the father of their factory system.

Samuel Slater's wife Hannah is often credited as the first American woman to patent which product?

Cotton sewing thread was her idea in 1793, after she and her sister spun her husband's fine yarn into a thread stronger than linen. The patent is said to have been issued to Mrs. Samuel Slater.

Samuel Slater vowed to do what with his machines if his yarn failed to match English quality?

Throw them off a bridge, he told his backers, and take no pay for his services. The boast was safe: by the end of 1790 his machines were turning out yarn.

Samuel Slater slipped out of England in 1789 disguised as what, hiding his years of mill training?

A farm laborer was his cover, because British law set heavy penalties for skilled textile workers who emigrated. The only assets he carried were the details he had learned at the mill.

Samuel Slater founded a mill town in 1832 and named it after which famous senator and friend?

Daniel Webster, the Massachusetts senator, is honored by the town formed from parts of Oxford and Dudley around Slater's mills. Slater spent his last years there and is buried in its Mount Zion Cemetery.

What did Samuel Slater set up so the children working in his mill could learn to read and write?

A Sunday school, an idea he brought from his native England, used college students to teach the mill's young workers. For a time Slater taught in it himself.

Which former barber patented the English spinning machines that Samuel Slater rebuilt in America?

Richard Arkwright's system of carding, drawing and spinning machines was what Slater knew inside out. Arkwright had begun his working life as a barber and wig-maker before turning to cotton.

Samuel Slater's first mill, now a landmark, stands beside a waterfall in which Rhode Island city?

Pawtucket comes from an Algonquian word for a river fall, and those falls turned Slater's waterwheel. The mill he and his partners built in 1793 still stands beside the river.

Under Samuel Slater's Rhode Island System, who was recruited to live and work in his mill villages?

Whole families moved into housing he owned beside the mills, a pattern copied across the valley. The rival Waltham approach hired young single women instead.

Which inventor's cotton gin, patented a year after Slater Mill opened, set off a boom in raw cotton?

Eli Whitney patented his gin in 1794, which made short-staple cotton profitable to grow. That fed the spinning mills multiplying across New England.

Which president's 1807 trade embargo spurred a wave of new cotton mills like Samuel Slater's?

Thomas Jefferson's embargo made European goods scarce, so New England investors who had backed shipping turned to manufacturing instead.

In 1824, young women workers at mills around Slater Mill made American labor history by doing what?

Going on strike against a proposed 25% cut to women's wages, they staged what is counted as the first factory walkout in the United States.

The raw cotton spun in Samuel Slater's mills was grown in the South under which labor system?

Slavery in the Deep South supplied the cotton, even though Slater's own financial backer was a leading abolitionist. The mill hands in New England were free workers.

Samuel Slater's 1827 Providence mill broke with his earlier ones by running on which power source?

Steam drove the Providence mill, the first textile factory in Rhode Island to use it and one of the first in the country. Every earlier Slater mill had depended on a river.

Slater Mill holds which distinction on the National Register of Historic Places, created in 1966?

First property listed, in November 1966, the mill had been rescued decades earlier by an association formed in 1921 to save the fire-damaged building.

After a restoration to its 1835 appearance, Slater Mill opened to the public in 1955 as what?

A museum since 1955, the mill had spun cotton until 1895 and then housed other industries. Its restorers stripped away the modern additions to recover the old look.

Which Providence merchant and abolitionist put up the money for Samuel Slater's first mill?

Moses Brown had already bought spinning machines that nobody could make work, so he hired the young Englishman to start again. Brown University was later named for his nephew Nicholas.

As a boy, Samuel Slater was apprenticed to which English mill owner, famed for ribbed stockings?

Jedediah Strutt had co-financed the first water-powered cotton-spinning mill, and he trained Slater for more than six years. By 21 Slater was overseeing machinery and mill construction.

Samuel Slater was born in 1768 in which English county, cradle of the water-powered cotton mill?

Derbyshire's Derwent Valley held the earliest water-powered cotton spinning mills, and Slater grew up in its mill town of Belper. He started work in one of them at the age of ten.

Samuel Slater first set foot in America in 1789 in which port, where he briefly found mill work?

New York was where he landed, and he took a job there at a small yarn factory with inferior equipment. Soon he wrote to Rhode Island offering to build something better.

Which machine, first driven by horses in England, did Samuel Slater rebuild for his American mill?

The water frame earned its name once a waterwheel replaced the horses, and it produced a strong yarn with very little training needed from its operators.

Whose Waltham system of mills staffed by young single women later eclipsed Samuel Slater's approach?

Francis Cabot Lowell put spinning and weaving under one roof at Waltham in 1814, something Slater's yarn mills had not done. A mill city on the Merrimack was later named for him.

Which war left about 140 cotton manufacturers at work near Providence, all following Samuel Slater?

The War of 1812 shut out British cloth and sped up New England's industrialization. When peace came in 1815, the American textile industry was firmly launched.

Which federal agency took over Slater Mill in 2021, after a local association donated the building?

The National Park Service received the mill from the Old Slater Mill Association, founded by local business people in 1921 to restore it. The mill now tells the story of early American industry.

Besides running mills, Samuel Slater spent fifteen years as president of which kind of business?

A bank for manufacturers in his mill town had Slater as its president for fifteen years, and he had helped to incorporate it. Across his career he formed thirteen business partnerships.

Samuel Slater built the mill village of Slatersville with which relative, fresh from England?

His brother John brought knowledge of the newest English machines, and by 1807 their village had its mill, an owner's house and homes for the workers.

Hannah Wilkinson's parents at first opposed her marriage to Samuel Slater because he was not what?

A Quaker household, the Wilkinsons had taken Slater in as a lodger in 1790, when Hannah was 15. Her parents relented, and the couple married the following year.

The son who reorganized Samuel Slater's mills shared his first two names with which British admiral?

Horatio Nelson Slater, born three years after the admiral died at Trafalgar, cut costs and gave up his father's old-fashioned procedures.

Samuel Slater's nephew John Fox Slater gave a fortune in 1882 to fund the education of which group?

Freed African Americans in the southern states were the cause of his Slater Fund, which backed colleges such as Tuskegee, Hampton and Fisk. A North Carolina institute named for him grew into Winston-Salem State University.

Which river, dropping over the falls beside Slater Mill, turned Samuel Slater's first waterwheel?

The Blackstone went on to power so many mills that it became one of America's key industrial rivers. It is called after William Blackstone, the first European settler of present-day Boston.

The English valley mills where Samuel Slater learned his trade now hold which protected status?

UNESCO World Heritage Site status came in 2001 for the Derwent Valley Mills, where the modern factory system was born. The listing takes in the mills at Belper and Milford where Slater worked.

Oziel Wilkinson, later Samuel Slater's father-in-law, made which ship's gear at his riverside shop?

Anchors for the young shipbuilding trade came from his water-powered shop, on ground that is now part of the Slater Mill grounds. He and his son David went on to forge the iron parts for Slater's machines.

David Wilkinson, whose sister married Samuel Slater, is remembered for inventing which machine tool?

A screw-cutting lathe of his design spread through the nation's armories, and an 1848 Senate report won him a $10,000 reward. As a young man he had forged iron parts for Slater's machines.

News of a cash bounty from which state's legislature helped draw Samuel Slater to America in 1789?

Pennsylvania had paid £100 for a power carding machine that only partly worked, proof that Americans would reward textile know-how. Slater sailed the same year.

Before its cotton mills, Samuel Slater's hometown of Belper was known for making which iron goods?

Nails had been forged around Belper since the Middle Ages, and by the late 1700s some 500 workshops were at it. The town's football club is still nicknamed the Nailers.

Samuel Slater, owner of thirteen mills, left an estate worth roughly how much when he died in 1835?

About $1 million is the usual round figure, and one estimate puts his worth at $1.3 million. He had landed 46 years earlier carrying little but what he knew.